12.+The+Atom

__ T ____ H ____ E ____ A ____ T ____ O ____ M __ __ Yneikwa Yon & Quashema Bonnette __ atom (at-om) n. **
 * at·om **
 * / 'atəm/ n. the basic unit of a chemical element. ∎　 such particles as a source of nuclear energy: //the power of the atom.// ∎　 an extremely small amount of a thing or quality **
 * ** the smallest constituent of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus with negatively charged electrons orbiting around it. **
 * The Atom is a value that cannot be decomposed **

JOHN DAINTITH. "atom." __A Dictionary of Computing__. 2004. Retrieved May 12, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: [|__http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-atom.html__]

** STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM **
 * Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Atoms are composed of three type of particles: protons, neutrons, and electron. Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the atomic mass. The mass of an electron is very small. **
 * Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus **
 * Protons have a positive (+) charge **
 * Neutrons have no charge they are neutral **
 * Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus with a negative charge (-) **

** ﻿ **
 * How are electrons organized around the nucleus? **
 * All atoms would like to attain electron configurations like noble gases. That is, have completed outer shells. Atoms can form stable electron configurations like noble gases by: **
 * losing electrons **
 * sharing electrons **
 * gaining electrons **


 * (Explanation) Atoms that have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer levels will tend to lose them in interactions with atoms that have 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outer levels. Atoms that have 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outer levels will tend to gain electrons from atoms with 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer levels. Atoms that have 4 electrons in the outer most energy level will tend neither to totally lose nor totally gain electrons during interactions. **

The image on the left is a basic [|atom diagram]. This one shows the protons, neutrons, and electrons of a carbon atom. Each is in a group of six. That makes the atom very stable. Atomic diagrams were developed to explain the interaction of the [|elements]  of the Earth and space.

__ **Key Terms** __
 * ** Atomic number -The number of positive charges or protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element **
 * ** Electron- An elementary particle consisting of a charge of negative electricity **
 * ** Electron Cloud- The group of electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom; a cloudlike group of electrons **
 * ** Mass number- The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus **
 * ** Neutron- An elementary particle having no charge, mass slightly greater than that of a proton **
 * ** Nucleus- The positively charged mass within an atom, composed of neutrons and protons, and possessing most of the mass but occupying only a small fraction of the volume of the atom **
 * ** Period- A sequence of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number and forming one of the horizontal rows in the periodic table. **
 * ** Periodic table- A tabular arrangement of the elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same column **
 * ** Proton- A stable, positively charged subatomic particle ﻿ **

**__Example Worked  Out Problems __** || //En //= -Rhc n2
 * 1) The principal quantum number, an integer value (1, 2, 3...) that is used to describe the quantum level, or shell, in which an electron resides. The principal quantum number is the primary number used to determine the amount of energy in an atom. Using one of the first important equations in atomic structure (developed by Niels Bohr), we can calculate the amount of energy in an atom with an electron at some value of n:

Where: R = Rydberg constant, a value of 1.097 X 107 m-1 c = speed of light, 3.00 X 108 m/s h = Planck's constant, 6.63 X 10 -34 J-s n = principal quantum number, no unit

<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 140%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">example, how much energy does one electron with a principal quantum number of n= 2 have?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">E<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">n= - Rhc

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">n2

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Or

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">(1.097 x 10<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">7 m-1 * (6.63 x 10<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">-34 J∙s)*(3.0x10<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">8 m∙s<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">-1 )

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">= 5.5x10<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">-19 J

<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; line-height: 115%;">2. The simplest formula for vitamin C is C3H4O3. Experimental data indicates that the molecular mass of vitamin C is about 180. What is the molecular formula of vitamin C? Solution: <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; line-height: 115%;">First, calculate the sum of the atomic masses for C3H4O3. Look up the atomic masses for the elements from the <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[|Periodic Table] <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; line-height: 115%;">. The atomic masses are found to be:

H is 1.01 C is 12.01 O is 16.00

Plugging in these numbers, the sum of the atomic masses for C3H4O3 is:

3(12.0) + 4(1.0) + 3(16.0) = 88.0

This means the formula mass of vitamin C is 88.0. Compare the formula mass (88.0) to the approximate molecular mass (180). The molecular mass is twice the formula mass (180/88 = 2.0), so the simplest formula must be multiplied by 2 to get the molecular formula:

molecular formula vitamin C = 2 x C3H4O3 = C6H8O6 Answer: C6H8O6

<span style="display: block; font-size: 200%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">**__<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif';">Parts ____<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif';"> of ____<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif';">the ____<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif';"> Atom __** * <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">An atom consists of a dense, central positive core called the **//nucleus//**

<span style="color: #00b0f0; display: block; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: left;">surrounded by

<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">a cloud of negative charge (swirling electrons) called the **//electron cloud//** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">.



<span style="color: #00b0f0; display: block; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: left;">1. __Nucleus__ - composed of protons and neutrons.

<span style="color: #00b0f0; display: block; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">A. protons - positive charge

b. neutrons - no charge

<span style="color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: left;">2. __Electron cloud__ (electrons) - negative charge in energy shells

(levels) surrounding the nucleus. Electrons move about the

nucleus much as bees swarm around the beehive waiting to get in,

and exist in energy levels that form concentric rings around the nucleus

similar to the rings in an onion.

** How does the Atom Impacts our lives? **
 * All familiar matter is made up of atoms
 * We as humans are impacted by atoms because everything is made up of tiny particles of atoms including our bodies.
 * __ Formulas __ **

** The periodic table usually gives the atomic number (number of protons), the symbol, the atomic mass (number of protons and neutrons) and the name of the element. ** Atomic number - the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the shells. Atomic mass - the number of protons plus neutrons found in the nucleus of the atom.

To find the number of neutrons in an atom - simply subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass.

Example :( for carbon) atomic mass　14 atomic number　-6 __8 neutrons__

__ **Example: H**2**O - the absence of a subscript next to a symbol means one atom.** __ __ **Example: C**12**H**22**O**11 **--- 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms.** __

__ ﻿ __ __ ﻿ __

**__<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Physical ____<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"> quantities __**



Throughout the universe, the smallest whole unit in life is the atom. Atoms do contain smaller subatomic parts (protons, neutrons, and electrons). Yet, when separated, they lose the unique properties they have as atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Everything we can see in the universe is made of atoms. And some things we cannot see (like air) are also made of matter. Scientists believe all matter comes from the stars. When a star is born, atoms crash and smash together, releasing protons and energy to create new matter. There are ninety-two naturally occurring atoms, and in laboratories, scientists have made twenty-six different radioactive atoms.
 * Information **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 32px; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Quizzed ____<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 32px; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 150%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">1. The center of the atom is the

A) Nucleus B) Proton C) Neutron D)Electron

2. The part of the atom tht has a positive charge is the

A) Molecule B) Neutron C) Proton D) Electron

3. The neutron has this sort of charge

A) Positive B) Negative C) Alternates positive and the negative D) No charge

4. Negatively charged particles that move around the atom's nucleus are the

A) Elements B) Compound C) Electrons D) Protons

5. Atoms that have the same nmber of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called

A) Protons B) Electrons C) Litmus D) Isotopes

6. Atoms with an electrical charge due to givng up or taking on more electons are called

A) Ions B) Solutions C) Isotopes D) Colloids

7. The atomic number is the number of what in the atom

A) Electrons B) Protons C) Neutrons D) Nuclei

8. The total number of the protons and neutrons is the atomic

A) Charge B) Weapon potential C) Evaporation rate D) Weight

9. The smallest particle of an element to still be that element is the

A) Nucleus B) Electron C) Atom D) Neutron

10. When atoms share electrons it is called a

A) Cheical bond B) Distillation C) Radiation D) Current

**__ ﻿ __**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">These pictures show Yneikwa Yon and Quashema Bonnette expressing themselves. This opportunity was amazing and we thank Mr. Murray for exposing us to this website. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Senior Year has been great and we will carry on what you have taught us to the best of our ability, and use it for what we will pursue in college. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Love <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Always <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Quashema Bonnette <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Yneikwa Yon <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Senior <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">C /<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 21px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2011

**__ Bibliography __**

[|Foundations of College Chemistry], by Morris Hein, 1967, Dickenson Publishing Co., Inc.

JOHN DAINTITH. "atom." A Dictionary of Computing. 2004. Retrieved May 12, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: [|__http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-atom.html__]

[|Particles], by Michael Chester, 1978, Macmillan Publishing

[|The Nature of Reality], by Richard Morris, 1987, The Noonday Press

[|The Particle Explosion], by Frank Close, Michael Marten, Christine Sutton, 1987, Oxford University Press