15.+Solid+State+Electronics

 ** Solid State Electronics **  

**__ Key Terms __** · ** Semiconductors ** · ** Intrinsic Semiconductors ** · ** Dopants ** · ** Extrinsic Semiconductors **

**__ Vocabulary __** ** · ****__ Semiconductors __**** - A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that ****﻿ **** of **** ﻿most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. ** ** · ****__ Intrinsic Semiconductors __**** - an almost pure semiconductor to which no impurities have been added. ** ** · ****__ Dopants __**** - **** A substance used to produce a desired electrical characteristic in a semiconductor. ** ** · ****__ Extrinsic Semiconductors __**** - a semiconductor in which impurities have been added. **

· ** Some metals are better conductors of electricity than others. Silver, copper, gold, and aluminum are materials with many free electrons and make good conductors. Silver is the best conductor, followed by copper, gold, and aluminum. Copper is used more often than silver because of cost. Some materials are neither good conductors nor good insulators, since their electrical characteristics fall between those of conductors and insulators. These in-between materials are classified as __SEMICONDUCTORS__. Germanium and silicon are two common semiconductors used in solid-state devices. **

· ** Solid state electronic devices are made up of solid components that do not move. **

** How do we use Solid State Electronics in our day to day lives? **
 * **Solid state electronics are used in everything from households to businesses to our favorite resturaunts. Diodes, semiconductors, and dopants are what run our computers, ipods, phones, and any other electrical device you can think of. **




 * **__Doped Semiconductors __ ****- are a medium in which they are insulators yet they allow electricity to flow via electron flow. Semiconductors can be activated or stimulated by two methods: temperature and light. With temperature unlike most metals which lose conductivity when the temperature rises, Semiconductors actually become more conductive. With light, just like temperature, when light falls on a semiconductor the electrons in its valence band become energized and excited thus lowering resistance and allowing a stronger electrical current through. **


 * **__Conductors __ ****<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 27px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- allow electrons to move more freely by having a lower resistance than insulators and thus allowing more electrons to get where they need to be. **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 27px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The simplest Semiconductor device is the Diode.The Diode is a small device with half a P-type and the other half an N-type Semiconductor. The joined area is called the junction and the space around the junction is the depleted layer. The pn-type diode (shown below) is just one of a few types of diodes. **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**A second type of Diode is the LED. This particular Diode is made from a combination of gallium and aluminum with arsenic and phosphorus this combination allows a beam of light to be emitted. When electrons reach the holes in the junction they recombine and give off excess energy as light. These Diodes are LED's or light-emitting Diodes. popular examples are barcode scanners in stores and laser pointers.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**Microchips- microchips are very small devices which are made of thousands of transistors, diodes, resistors, and conductors. Each of which is less than a micrometer long. Without these extremely small componets there wouldn't be any way computors or ipods or even televisions would be running.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Questions: ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">1) What is a Semiconductor? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2) What is a Doped Semiconductor? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">3) What is the differance in number 1 and 2? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">4) What is the best conductor? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">5) What is the most common Conductor? why? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">6) How does Solid State Electronics help our day to day lives? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">7) Semiconductors can be stimulated in what 2 ways? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">8) What does a microchip consist of? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">9) How many free electrons exist in a cubic centimeter of copper? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Bradley Hand ITC'; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">10) What is the number of free electrons per atom of silicon at room temperature? **